Socio-economic transformations that took place in Poland in the period of EU membership caused a number of structural changes in the resources and distribution of production factors in agriculture. The impact on the acceleration of those processes has undoubtedly public policy. The analysis of competitiveness and efficiency for the needs of agriculture presented below has been preformed through the eye of competitiveness of resources allocation. Since farming is based on the assumption that resources are limited and that the choices are made in a rational manner. When looking for an optimal selection, unlimited needs of consumers are taken into account along with limited available resources and production technologies. Thus the main focus has been drawn to production resources (land, labour and capital) referring to their quantity (sometimes also their quality) and agricultural structures influencing the used production potential expressed by resources. The analysis has been supplemented with references to the sectoral competitiveness shaped through economic policy instruments (primarily CAP) which directly and indirectly influences the competitive possibilities of agriculture.